癌症治疗 – 放射治疗

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总结
放射治疗是使用精确靶向的X射线来破坏癌细胞,同时减少辐射对健康细胞的影响。放射治疗完成后,几乎所有的副作用都会消失。放射治疗可以通过各种机器和设备进行,取决于受影响的身体部位,以及肿瘤的类型和阶段。放射治疗的两种主要类型是外部和内部。

On this page:
Radiotherapy treatment length
On this page:
Radiotherapy treatment length
Different uses of radiotherapy
External radiotherapy
External radiotherapy procedure
Internal radiotherapy (brachytherapy)
Side effects of radiotherapy
Regular tests during and after radiotherapy
Where to get help
Things to remember
Radiotherapy is the use of precisely targeted x-rays to destroy cancer cells
while reducing the impact of radiation on healthy cells. The length of
treatment varies depending on factors such as the location, type and stage of
the cancer, and whether or not the radiotherapy is combined with other
treatments, such as chemotherapy or surgery. Radiotherapy can be used to treat
cancer in many sites of the body.
Radiotherapy treatment decisions
Before a decision is made about whether radiotherapy is appropriate for your
condition, your case is discussed in a healthcare team meeting. At this
meeting, representatives of all the medical specialists involved in the care of
your specific type of cancer are present.
These may include:
specialist surgeons
medical oncologists
radiation oncologists
pathologists
radiologists.
At these meetings, medical staff look at all the information relating to your
case, which may include information about your lifestyle and results of various
tests. They then offer specialist advice about the best way to treat your type
of cancer.
Radiotherapy treatment length
Depending on the purpose of the treatment, some people receive only one
treatment of radiotherapy, while others may receive regular treatments for one
to eight weeks. Radiotherapy is usually (but not always) given once a day, five
times a week, and takes a few minutes each time.
Radiotherapy can be administered by a variety of machines and devices,
depending on which body part is affected, and the type and stage of the tumour.
The two main types of radiotherapy are external and internal.
Most people just have external radiotherapy, although some may need both
external and internal radiotherapy, depending on the site and type of cancer.

Different uses of radiotherapy
Depending on factors such as the location, type and stage of your cancer, and
your age and general health, radiotherapy may be used:
as the only treatment
together with chemotherapy
before surgery to shrink the tumour
after surgery to kill off any remaining cancer cells
as a method of pain relief and to ease symptoms such as bleeding.

External radiotherapy
External radiotherapy is administered in hospital by a team of medical
professionals including the radiation oncologist (a medical cancer specialist)
and the radiation therapist (a specially trained health professional). Other
professionals involved in a course of radiation therapy may include medical
physicists and nurses, and other allied health professionals.
Before treatment begins, the precise area to be targeted is identified using a
special computed tomography (CT) scanner within the radiotherapy department.
This procedure may be called simulation or planning.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans
may also be required.
Your individual treatment plan (including the radiation dose and the precise
area to be targeted) is prescribed by your radiation oncologist. It is
calculated by the radiation therapist based on information from the simulator
and CT, MRI or PET scans.
If you are having treatment to your head or neck, your specialist may decide to
make a cast of your upper body. The cast is worn during treatment to make sure
your head doesn
t move.
In other cases, snug-fitting supports will be placed around your body during
treatment to keep you stable. Some treatments require that you lie face down in
a special cradle or on a belly-board, which allows part of your bowel to be
outside the treatment area.
The radiation therapist may mark the treatment areas on your body with
non-permanent ink. These marks help to line up the radiotherapy equipment
correctly. After finding the ideal position for your treatment, the radiation
therapist may mark certain points on your skin with a tiny, permanent skin mark
to make sure any further treatments are accurately delivered.
You may also be given a contrast agent, also called contrast medium or dye, to
swallow or have injected into one of your veins. This helps your internal
organs and structures show up during treatment.

External radiotherapy procedure
External radiotherapy is similar to having a regular x-ray examination. There
is no need for anaesthesia (except for infants). Usually, no medication is
needed before treatment. However, if your treatment is likely to cause nausea
or vomiting, you may be given medication to prevent this before each treatment.
The machine that delivers the high-energy x-rays is called a ‘megavoltage machine or a linear accelerator.
When you receive radiotherapy, you can expect that:
You will lie down on the treatment table beneath the machine.
Radiation therapists will position your body to make sure the treatment will
precisely target the tumour and the area to be treated. Accuracy is achieved by
using the information from your simulation or planning procedure and following
the prescription from your radiation oncologist.
Blocking devices, called shielding, will protect the areas of your body that
don
t require treatment. These are attached to, or
inside, the linear accelerator.
Staff will leave the treatment room to operate the machine, but you can talk to
them on the intercom. They can also see you on a television monitor.
Treatment will take a few minutes and will be painless. You will hear a drone
similar to that of a vacuum cleaner while the linear accelerator delivers the
treatment.
The radiation therapists may reposition the machine to give further treatment
from different positions, which can often be done remotely from outside the
room.
During your treatment, the radiation therapists will take an electronic x-ray
of the treatment area. This checks the accuracy of your treatment and allows
for any minor adjustments in position due to body movements. Your doctor will
not be able to tell about your progress from these pictures.
Traditional external radiotherapy is delivered by using multiple fields of
treatment

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